Hybridoma Technology free essay sample

Hybridoma Technology A Biotechnology Technique Introduction: Hybridoma technology is used to produce a hybrid cell. These hybrid cells are produced by fusing B-lymphocyte with tumour cell and they are called as myeloma cells. Thus these hybrid cells have got the ability to produce antibodies due to the B-lymphocyte genetic material and also capacity to divide indefinitely in the culture due to the presence of tumour cell or myeloma cells involved in the production of hybrid cells. Therefore, these hybrid cells produced from hybridoma technology are cultured in laboratory or passaged or sub cultured using mouse peritoneal cavity and these cells produces monoclonal antibodies, and this technology is called as hybridoma technology. Hybridoma technology was first discovered by G. Kohler and C. Milstein during 1975. They were also awarded Nobel Prize along with N. Jeme in Physiology and Medicine field during 1984. B-lymphocytes are pre-programmed to respond to a single type of antigen or antigenic determinant, therefore they produce single type of antibody specific to the specific antigen. We will write a custom essay sample on Hybridoma Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When an antigen reacts with B-lymphocyte receptors, lymphocytes divide rapidly and produce a clone of B cells, all these B cells produce antibodies against that specific antigen and this is called as clonal selection. That is B-lymphocytes produce only one type of antibodies which are specific to only one type of antigen or antigenic determinant. But fully differentiated antibody producing B-lymphocyte cells known as plasma cells does not divide when cultured in a laboratory. Procedure of Hybridoma Technology: 1. B-lymphocytes are extracted from the spleen of an animal, but usually it is extracted from the mouse, which has been immunized with the required antigen against which monoclonal antibodies are produced. Mouse is immunized by giving antigen injection along with an adjuvant via subcutaneously or by peritoneal cavity; this is followed by booster doses of the antigen. Adjuvant is nonantigenic in nature but they stimulate the immune system.

GRE sample essay -argument issue Essays

GRE sample essay -argument issue Essays GRE sample essay -argument issue Essay GRE sample essay -argument issue Essay The given argument initially brings up an issue that many parents picked up their children when day-care center has already closed. Although the road construction on 1-72 was mentioned in the memo, the owner of Happy Sun Happy Moon day-care center ignores some consequences from the construction and recommends charging regulation for those parents who arrive late. This argument lacks of adequate evidences and reasons behind such determination and thus it may dissatisfy some parents. Therefore, I think the argument needs to be explored more thoroughly which I will explain in the following paragraphs. The major overlooked assumption is that there are several reasons why parents cannot pick up their kids on time. It is possible that they havent received any information regarding times and places of the road construction. As a result, they arrive the center late in spite of their early leaving from workplaces. Moreover, the owner shouldnt anticipate parents to leave early in order to pick up their children. This expectation is impossible in most occupations because leaving before closing times could be considered serious misconduct in some workplaces. How can author expect parents to do that? For these reasons, the regulation should be revised according to the above suggestions. It is difficult to believe that charging fee from those parents would be the best choice to cope with such problem. Some parents are willing to pay for the fees If they really have important appointments. : For Instance, the parents who are doctors might experience emergency cases which will have to spend longer time In their workplace. In that cases, the fees Is not a major concern for them to keep their children safe In the centre. To gain this supports, If the owner would Like all parents to appear on time, he will have to convince or ask for parents cooperation rather than using charging policy to force them. It could be a security purpose that persuades the parents to come early because there are no security officers around center after opening hours. In Its present form, the argument falls to provide strong evidences on supporting the claim that charging fee for the parents will definitely solve the centers problem. To gain more beneficial outcomes, the author should provide additional details of the road construction together with Informing their clients of logical reasons for arriving on time In order to obtain maximum cooperation. GREG sample essay -argument issue By Alliteration to cope with such problem. Some parents are willing to pay for the fees if they really eave important appointments. For instance, the parents who are doctors might experience emergency cases which will have to spend longer time in their workplace. In that cases, the fees is not a major concern for them to keep their children safe in the centre. To gain this supports, if the owner would like all parents to appear on In its present form, the argument fails to provide strong evidences on supporting the road construction together with informing their clients of logical reasons for arriving on time in order to obtain maximum cooperation.

Rewrite a work and paraphrase the quot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rewrite a work and paraphrase the quot - Essay Example Frankenstein has shown twice as much of self-referentiality as novels conventionally do. The way it has been composed and the cultural status it has consequently attained imitate the core moments of a self-constructed story. The novel is based on the story of a monster. Just like this character that forms part of the story, Frankenstein assembles into a living being from the dead fragments originally collected by the writer. Upon getting published, the novel has totally freed itself from the textual frame that its author originally had tried to enclose it in. Instead, the novel has gained an independent life in the form of a myth. Such a noticeable deviation from the pattern intended by the author does not result from the non-ability of literary texts to refer to things other than themselves. Indeed, the deviation is the result of the romanticism in the writing that tends to use the author’s creativity to signify the engagement of man with the world. In this way, the text beco mes appealing to the audience by creating a wide domain of significance through its so-called circular self-reference.

Qualitative Analysis, IR, NMR (Organic Chemistry) Lab Report

Qualitative Analysis, IR, NMR (Organic Chemistry) - Lab Report Example A resulting heterogeneous solution is a positive test for the a saturated hydrocarbon. Dissolve with ether then NaOH and Separate using the bottom layer then add HCl until pH ~7 (neutral) (top layer will be the other product). Add ether and separate the top layer (it’s the acid). IR available in attachment The temperature of carboxylic was relatively higher due to its double bond ranging from 143 to 153.8 Celsius displayed in the first and second trials of the solid acid, which depicts presence of carboxylic acid. Nevertheless, third trial temperature which ranges from 93.5 Celsius to 98.8 Celsius depicting the presence of molecule having two C=O groups associated by the corresponding symmetry. The two peaks within the region of the molecule has two C=O groups, which are not associated by the underlying symmetry that are depicted by the neutral product of the acid base extraction The carboxylic functional groups absorbed with the IR region are amidst 1100 to 1700cm-1. Moreover, main peaks within carboxylic groups are understood via appraisal of the values of the compounds as depicted in the table for NMR graph (Ha Harris, pp.289-345). The absorption of the polar groups are removed towards the lower frequencies and are normally widened due to the hydrogen bonding such as hydroxyl and corresponding amino groups (Rris, pp. 567-659). There two types of IR, from the acid and from the neutral similarly with the NMR, there are C13 and H1 from acid (with DMSO) and other product (with CDCl3). IR spectrum with one peak found within the carboxylic region probably one C=O group is present. The C=O region distances 1608.86 cm-1 having the sharpest peaks, which are many cm-1 wide. Thus, the two C=O groups could be present with the similar position by concurrence. The molecule are two C=O groups associated to the symmetry. The two peaks within the region probably the molecule has two

Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Summary - Article Example This helps in demonstrating the speciousness of gun control policy in the reduction of the deaths resulting from homicides. While bearing in mind that the public is reluctant to give up their guns, Zimring proposes that stigmatizing guns is the only sure way of reducing the rate of possession of guns among the population. He suggests that this should entail the inclusion of the practice in the legislation. He associates the high rates of deaths resulting from homicides in America as related to the rampant use of guns for assaults. The article alludes that what matters in the successful application of the gun control policy is the consideration of who owns the guns, how these guns are used and the impact of the policy in relation to its implementation. Zimring’s makes reference on the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) statistics that indicates that guns are used in the 70% of the reported criminal killings. Additionally, other proponents of gun control policy such as Philli p Cook opine that the criminals determine the type of weapon they use. However, they discount the contribution of perpetrator factors in the enhancement of lethality in favor of the instrumentality effect. Fatality is viewed as an almost accidental outcome of a large number of assaults resulting from guns and knives. Zimring claims that in many cases, the perpetrator is also a victim of circumstance as well as the person he kills; just luckier because the gun was pointed in a different direction. It is obvious that some of the deaths that occur due to gun assaults cannot occur if less lethal weapons are used. The article stipulates that the perpetrators of assault are normally aware of their prior plans of inflicting lethal injuries on their victim. The author makes reference to the Behavior modification theory that suggests that the criminals transfer their intimidation levels to the guns they are carrying. The article disputes the idea that gun handlers are innocent people who pos sess the gun and respond whenever they are provoked. This is because most of these killers posses below-average cognitive ability, mental retardation, brain dysfunction or alcoholism (Stell 42). Professor Zimring opposes the use of gun in self defense, arguing that people who offer resistance when attacked are at a higher risk of getting hurt than those who submit. Additionally, his experiments proved that those who resisted attacks through the use of guns performed better than those than those that did not resist (Stell 44). This implies that legalizing the use of firearms for any reason enhances violence. The article recommends that the ethical complications occur when the proponents of gun control practices subscribe to certain practices that enhance violence. Such practices include the failure to recognize the right of the states for self defense, failure to provide minimal protection to the citizens, and the police department possesses the rights to prosecute and charge those p ossessing firearms for self preservation. ARTICLE 2 Congressional Digest. White House Plan to Reduce Gun Violence: Administration Proposals to Strengthen Firearm Laws and Protect Citizens. March 2013. Print. According to the article, tragic mass shootings have been witnessed in America despite the fact that most firearm holders are perceived to be

History Of The International Anti Corruption Movement Politics Essay

History Of The International Anti Corruption Movement Politics Essay Finding itself at the centre of development discourse for the last two decades, corruption has been a star of the international development scene since it was brought to the top of the agenda in the 1990s  [1]  . Following the end of the Cold War, a changing geopolitical climate encouraged the establishment of an international commitment to condemning and criminalising corruption at the multilateral level, a process which culminated in the appearance of a coordinated global anti-corruption movement  [2]  . Consisting of international agreements, domestic laws and initiatives, the reorientation of international organisations and the mobilisation of civil society, this global anti-corruption movement was aimed at tackling corruption via the systematic implementation of tools and strategies to address the issue on the ground. It is clear that corruption is now a focus of international development. Anti-corruptionism is a narrative that places corruption at the centre of development concerns and is tightly bound up with the modern good governance movement and the corresponding global shift towards legal formalisation.  [3]   Practically, the global movements origins have been suggested to lie in the interests of the US Government, multinational companies and multilateral donors. Corporate complaints about corruption as a non-tariff barrier to trade were a key motivation for the application of moral pressure to the international community for it to take action against international corruption. The US led the charge to encourage the appearance of a unified global agenda, a major concern being the fact that American companies were losing billions of dollars in international contracts from their inability to pay bribes by virtue of the operation of the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.  [4]   The emergence and operation of the anti-corruption movement poses interesting questions for any student of international law and development. Importantly, if corruption has been recognised as harmful to societies since ancient times, what was it about the 1990s that spurred the international community to formally address it on a multilateral level? Further, how has the movement affected development on a global and local level and what have been its effects? The following section will examine anti-corruptionism by beginning with the genesis of the movement. It will then examine some methods and outcomes of the movements anti-corruption techniques. Whilst anti-corruptionism has brought international attention to an area which was previously somewhat neglected, critics argue that aspects of the movement itself have been counter-productive.  [5]   Owing to anti-corruptionism, corruption has reached a state of quasi-omnipotence in current development scholarship.  [6]  Culminating in the institution of a global anticorruption movement in the 1990s, this focus on corruption and its role in development emerged in stark contrast with attitudes of the international community in the period that immediately preceded it.  [7]   Having been unsuccessful at the UN, the US in 1981 began lobbying at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for that body to implement an alternative to alternative to the failed UN effort, illicit payments agreement.  [8]  However many OECD countries declined to cooperate due to concerns about the interaction of such an agreement with their domestic law.  [9]  With the fall of the Berlin Wall, the post-Cold War era ushered in a period of immense geopolitical change. With that change, the attention of the international community was increasingly focussed on the internationalisation of economics brought about by increasing levels of globalisation  [10]  . The problem of foreign bribery and corruption was suddenly given new priority by previously hesitant OECD countries who were then more receptive to the idea of an international agreement on the issue. In May 1994, the OECD Ministerial Council adopted the Recommendation of the Council on Bribery in International Business Transactions, which asked members to take concrete and meaningful steps to amend their laws, tax systems, accounting and record keeping requirements and public procurement procedures.  [11]   In 1997, all twenty-nine member countries of the OECD and five non-member countries agreed to sign the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. The OECD Convention in effect obliged signatory countries to conform to a US model prohibiting bribery and money laundering. This model was then extended further in the UN Convention Against Corruption in 2003. The UNCAC included new commitments to transparency in public works procurement and currently represents the broadest, most recent international commitment to tackling global corruption.  [12]   In this new era of international enthusiasm, institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF came to include anti-corruptionism in their assistance conditionalities.78 Corruption was newly packaged as a socio-economic rather than political concern, by these institutions in order for them to depoliticise and therefore legitimately target the problem.79 Following this, there was widespread publication of the effects of corruption by NGOs and civil society, spearheaded by TI. NGOs and civil society worked to transmit the anti-corruption movement to citizens around the world and were aided by a post-communist trend towards free and active media facilitating the diffusion of the key tenants of anti-corruptionism  [13]  . The radical change of geopolitical climate, growth in international trade spurred by globalisation, participation by civil society, and moral push from the US, converged to popularise a fight against corruption. All this culminated in the appearance of the global anti-corruption movement in the 1990s. There are a number of consequences to the emergence of anti-corruptionism as a key explanatory factor for development failure. The first is principally a consequence of the ideology from which anti-corruptionism itself sprung but is also tied up with the attack on the state that anti-corruptionism encourages and supports. At the core of neo-liberalism is the simplistic mantra of private = good, public = bad. By viewing actions of the state as interference in the functioning of the market as rent-seeking activities neo-liberalism ignored the dangers of private monopolies and anti ­competitive behaviour, both of which began to flourish internally. Moreover, as Joseph Stiglitz has persuasively argued, neo-liberalism as encapsulated by the Washington Consensus failed to take into account the extreme inter-relatedness of everything with everything else in society. The second consequence of anti-corruptionism is arguably more serious and is related again to its role within neo-liberal ideology. It is the way in which corruption has become a mono-casual or predominant explanatory factor for development failures. One of the most potent dangers of anti-corruptionism is therefore not that it is wrong to highlight the damaging nature of corruption although much more work needs to be done to provide evidence for the supposition that it is actually harmful but that it is too simple an explanation alone to account for the failures in development policies. If there has been one central lesson of the past sixty years of development disappointments, it is how little we understand of what actually works in enabling people to fight their way out of poverty. The danger therefore of anti-corruptionism is that it diverts attention away from more nuanced accounts of development failures by providing an illusion of certainty in our understanding of development, and in doing so causes actual and on-going harm. The inability or unwillingness to develop a comprehensive understanding of failure contains within it the risk of failing all over again. The prescription to governments that they need to fight corruption does not provide a list of priorities, a means of going about it or any unanticipated (negative) consequences that may arise. This is largely because corruption tells us nothing about specific actions; instead it is what Polzer, following Euben, describes as an othering tool. In place of describing specific actions, such as theft or vote-rigging, corruption is simply a negative evaluative concept that One of the main effects of the term itself is thus to create a dichotomy between the corrupt and the good that mirrors neatly onto neo-liberalisms central characterisation of the state as bad and the market as good; the othering nature of the discourse, moreover, allows the World Bank, as champion of the market, to take on the mantle of good expert in contrast to the corrupt developing state. Focusing on the corruption of bureaucrats and government officials not only conveniently shields free market ideology from any responsibility for the failure to live up to its claims of wealth creation and the BWI from any responsibility for their role. Anti-corruptionism also exculpates any responsibility that the West its institutions and its citizens may have for, for example, Corruption, because of its place within the good governance agenda, is an ahistorical discourse of the present. Moreover, it is one of course that locates development failures squarely within developing countries, and this predominating focus on developing government failures in the face of our own complicity in them has of course an undeniable smack of cultural imperialism to it.  [14]  As such, it is not only deeply unhelpful but also damaging to the goals of development as well as to the necessary relationship between the global North and South an essential part of development if development goals, however defined, are to be achieved.

Free Hamlet Essays: An Eye for an Eye :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

An Eye for an Eye in Hamlet  Ã‚   Claudius is justly punished for the murder of king Hamlet. The punishment fits the crime because his brother's son killed him. King Hamlet killed by the brother killed by the king's son. He was murdered. It was pay back, "what goes around comes around" "an eye for and eye and a tooth for a tooth" What these two quotes are mainly saying is that you get what you give. Claudius took his brothers life therefore his life was taken away. Not only did Claudius kill his brother to marry his wife and take over his throne, but he caused the deaths of the queen, king Hamlet, Polonius and Ophelia. Hamlet was told by the ghost of king hamlet to get back at Claudius for his death, or his soul will travel on earth forever. Even before hamlet knew about Claudius killing his father he had problems. It made hamlet mad that his mother would marry so fast and with his uncle. What Claudius did was an outrageous, back stabbing, and unbelievable thing. It was clearly an act of jealousy for his brother's throne and the wife. Claudius did pay back for his actions. Claudius lost his wife, his messenger, and died and even after his death kept loosing because he lost his castle to Fortinbras. Not only was Claudius punished by Hamlet but "God" also punished him. The reason that God punished Claudius, is because everyone he cared for and who helped him died. Polonius and Queen Gertrude. Polonius was killed by hamlet, when hamlet thought that he had killed the king. Claudius killed queen Gertrude with the poison whine that he had prepared for hamlet. He killed the one he loved instead of the one he wanted to kill. Claudius was even punished after death. His throne and whole castle was taken over by Fortinbras. Not only where his wife and friend dead, but he later died himself by his brother's son. Claudius killed and his turn to die came, but it took some time and other people to die too. Claudius was punished for the queen's death because although he did not intentionally mean to kill her, he watched her drink the poison that he had prepared for hamlet. He knew that she was going to die, but he didn't say anything because he was all for himself.